Field Sketch Maps

http://www.sciencepartners.info/?page_id=155

Field Sketch maps are very similar to mental maps in the the map is portraying from the perspective of the creator.  The key difference is that field sketch maps are not drawn from memory, rather they are viewed and drawn first hand at the site.  Field sketch maps are often used by contractors, or land surveyors.

Atlas

http://blog.mapsofworld.com/tag/world-atlas/
An atlas is a collection of maps of the world, with an in depth display of information ranging from topography to distances.  An accurate atlas is very difficult to portray due to the Earths spherical shape.  Above is an image of an Atlas.

Diverging color maps

http://www.sandia.gov/~kmorel/documents/ColorMaps/

Diverging color maps are used in the scientific community or analying and labeling light waves, or even simply a color spectrum.  Above is a color map.

Resource Maps

http://www.farmland.org/resources/fote/states/map_texas.asp

Resource maps can be made from many different map types.  They can integrate anything from topographic map features, to classed choropleth integrations.  Resource maps do exactly as they are named, they map resources in a given area.  Above is a resource map of Texas.

Road Maps

http://england-map1.com/508661.html

Road maps have been very useful in the past.  However, with increasing use of GPS systems, which can now be integrated into cars, the use of a road map is diminishing.  Above is a great example of the detail and precision of a roadmap of London.

Parallel Coordinate graph

http://andrewgelman.com/2007/10/15/parallel_coordi/
A parallel coordinate graph is usually displayed in a 3d computer generated graph.  It compares two sets of data, and joins them on a linear plane.  The graph is constructed on an X and a Y axis.  Above is a good example of a parallel coordinate graph.

Triangle Plot

http://geographyfieldwork.com/TriangularGraph.htm
Triangle plots compare three separate variables, which value equals the total sum of a constant.  These are often useful in chemistry, as to find a certain rate constant of a compound.  Above is an example of a triangle plot.

Windrose

http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/ecotect-vasari-climate-analysis

Wind rose graphs are used by meteorologists to display wind pattern and wind strength of a particular area.  The wind rose dats back historically and at one point was used on virtually all maps as a combination of a compass and a wind pattern predictor.  Above is an example of a windrose graph.

climograph

http://www.oocities.org/sg/c_pling/climates.html

A climograph is a representation of climate parameters.  They contain an X and Y axis, and are implemented using the standards of a bar and a line graph.  Above in an example of a climograph for Iquiotos, Peru.

Accumulative line graph

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/08070/

An accumulative line graphs contain an X and a Y axis.  A line represents the change over time(x axis) while the Y is the variable of which is fluctuating.  Above is a good example of a cumulative line graph.

Population Profile Graph

http://www.ifad.org/operations/regional/pf/aids_1.htm

A population profile is simply a graph which depicts an average, or set age.  Extending bars to the left and right of this preset value show the population value of people in this age group.  Above is an example of a population profile of age groups and numbers of people with and without aids.

Index Value Plot

http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/new/?m=pa07d_dry&w=plot

Index value plots graph data on an X and Y axis.  The information is displayed in a linear form, where a trendline or expected value line can or may not be met.  This graph shows the expected rain for the time period shown, versus the actual recorded rain.

Univariate

http://indiemapper.com/app/learnmore.php?l=bivariate_choropleth
Univariate maps display one variable of information, unlike bivariate maps.  Univariate maps are often a type of choropleth map.  This map is an example of of a univariate map.

Bivariate Map

http://reidarthur.ca/portfolio/

Bivariate maps are used to compare two different things or variables.  In this bivariate map, is shows the comparison between crime and population rise.

Unclassed choropleth

http://garrisonsmapcatalog.blogspot.com/2011/11/unclassed-choropleth-map.html

Unclassified choropleth maps do not take an average value or "round" to a dominating factor.  The scale for unclassed choropleth maps is gradual, allowing every shade of a color spectrum to have its own value.

Histogram

http://www.spcforexcel.com/histograms

A histogram is basically a bar graph.  A histogram has a set of bars, each representing their own piece of data.  There is an X axis and a Y axis.  On the Y axis, the numerical value of the data is represented, while on the x axis the object being analyzed is placed.  The histogram above represents a graph comparing frequency vs. measurement length.

Box plot

http://home.centurytel.net/~mjm/boxplotanatomy.htm

Box plots depict numerical data through sets of quartile blocks.  Above shows a breakdown of how to read and interpret a box plot

Stem and Leaf

http://www.eduplace.com/math/mhm/5/06a/

Stem and Leaf plots are useful for plotting the frequency of different objects or pieces of data.  They can be easily compared to one another by the length of the "leaf" extension.  The above stem and leaf plot shows the ages of people at a family reunion and plots the number of people that are of that age in the leaf column.

Similarity Matrix

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1415-47572003000100010&script=sci_arttext

A similarity matrix is ironically "similar" to a correlation matrix.  In a similarity matrix, different sets of data interpreting different objects are compared and given a statistical value of similarity.  The above image shows a similarity matrix for biological genomes.

Correlation Matrix

http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63033/HTML/default/viewer.htm#statug_ods_sect017.htm

A correlation matrix is a plot of statistical data interpreted into a symmetrical square matrix, useful for comparing multiple objects data.  It can be useful in the business world as a way to perform factor analysis.  The above image is a correlation matrix plotting the ratings of different cars.

Star Plots

http://andrewpwheeler.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/reference-lines-for-star-plots-aid-interpretation/

Star plots represent multiple variables of a single object or piece of data.  The variables are represented through radii extending from the object of focus.  Each radii's length represents the magnitude of its affect on the object of focus.  The above image represents various crimes and the magnitude of their consequence.

DOQQ

http://fishermaniacsmaps.blogspot.com/2012_03_01_archive.html

DOQQ imaging uses aerial or satellite photographs and realigns the pixels in the image through a process called image rectification.  The realignment of pixels is formulated into a specific ratio.  In the map above of Louisianna, it is formulated into a 1:100000 grid.

DEM

http://edac.unm.edu/2008/06/new-mexico-dem-map-sample-product/

DEM is a type of map that shows terrain of a landscape.  Remote sensing is the most common way to obtain the imaging required for DEM mapping.  It can be obtained via LIDAR and displayed often in a Raster format.  Above is a DEM of New Mexico.

DLG

http://damonvanvoorhis.blogspot.com/2013_07_01_archive.html

DLG maps are collected from USGS maps.  They are then converted to represent data, currently of which there are 9 different uses: PLSS, BD, TR, HY, HP, NV, SM, MS, and SC.  They are then formatted for use in GIS systems.  Above is an example of a DLG map.

DGR

http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/factsheets/fs08801.html


DGR's or digital raster graphics, are scanned USGS topographic maps.  These are often best used with integrated GIS systems as well as global positioning systems.  This DGR shows the western section of Washington DC.

Isopleth

http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/edu/lessons/figure3.cfm

Isopleth maps are useful to meteorologists.  Isopleth maps use color codes with given values in a map key to depict a certain aspect of weather.  They are often used in showing rainfall for a given time period as shown in the image above.

Isopach

http://cartographic-catalog.blogspot.com/2012/04/isopach-map.html

Isopach maps are useful for geologists.  Isopach maps use contour lines representing areas of equal thickness, whether vertically or horizontally.  Above is an example of an Isopach map showing flood patterns.

Isohyet

http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/pastwx/mws201206.htm

Another useful form of mapping for meteorologists is isohyets.  Isohyets depict rainfaill by connecting points of similar amounts of rainfall over a given length of time. Above is an image of an isohyet for Hong Kong is 2012.

Isotach

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20060514/

Isotachs are similar to isobars and are also useful in meteorology.  Isotachs use lines to connect wind patterns of the same speed.  Here is an example of an isotach depicting surface winds.

Isobar

http://theweatherwiz.com/school/chpt2a.htm

Isobars are useful in meteorology.  They work similar to contour lines though rather depicting elevation change, they represent changes in atmospheric pressure. Above is an example of an isobar depicting a high pressure weather system.

LIDAR

http://www.kval.com/news/local/102918079.html

LIDAR uses light to remotely sense and determine distance of an object, this is often done using laser.  It is useful in contour mapping to a great deal of precision.  Some satellites integrate this technology into their systems.  LIDAR has many uses, one great example is the ability to determine the biomass of a given area for environmental purposes.  The image above is showing how LIDAR is used to boost the ecosystem of this area by determining its vegetation density.

Doppler Radar

http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/oakfield/radar.htm

Doppler radar uses radio waves to determine the distance and velocity of an object.  Doppler is especially useful in determining weather patterns.  The image above is a doppler radar image showing the formation of a tornado.

Black and white Aerial photo

http://www.mapmart.com/Products/AerialPhotography/geoORTHO.aspx

Black and White Aerial photos are computer generated images of an original photograph.  They are particularly useful in removing relief, allowing an easier depiction of pathways (ie: roads), or other features of distinguished contrast.  Notice in the image provided, the clarity of the roadways being shown.

Aerial Infrared

http://www.geospectra.net/lewis_cl/knife_riv/k_river.htm

Aerial infrared photos are photographs taken using an infrared camera.  The aerial shots can be taken from satellite or from a airplane or helicopter.  This image depicts vegetation in a landscape, the brighter colored infrared represents lively vegetation.

Cartographic Animations

http://geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/linguistic-geography/quentin-atkinsons-nonsensical-maps-of-indo-european-expansion

Cartographic animations are implemented using GIS.  Cartographic animations allow the user to become more immersed in the map itself, by creating realistic digital effects.  A good example of this could be a projected hurricane path, which most of us have probably seen.  This image is a still frame of a cartographic animation that shows the movement of the Indo-European language.

Statistical Maps

http://polisci.emory.edu/home/graduate/methodstraining.html

Statistical maps are any kind of map which depicts a certain statistic.  A good example of one is a dot density map.  This map depicts micro vs metropolitan statistics in the United States.

Cartogram

http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/Cartogram_Central/types.html

A Cartogram is a type of map that represents data by skewing the actual landscape of the map.  For example, a map depicting population over an area, may skew the areas of higher population to a larger proportion in comparison to its actual scaled size.  Here is an example of a cartogram representing populations in California.

Flow Map

http://www.valuecreationpartners.com/2012/02/macro-level-process-map/

Flow maps depict the movement of a certain object or piece of data.  A Flow map integrates charted data, with geographical mapping.  Though a flow map does not necessarily have to contain any geographical information.  A good example of a flow map or chart is the one provided, it provides the movement of a good in a linear flowing chart.

Isoline map

http://regentsprep.org/Regents/earthsci/units/mapping/topographic.cfm

Isoline maps depict information by connecting dots on the map which have the same value.  This map in particular connects all of the gasoline fields with a value of 40 together.

Proportional circle map

http://personal.frostburg.edu/sbriggs0/maps.htm
Proportional circle maps are similar to dot density maps.  The main distinguishing feature of a proportional circle map is the variability in the size of each circle.  Depending on the key provided for a given map, each circle size depicts a value.  This proportional circle map depicts the number of walmarts in a state, the largest circles represent 100 walmarts!

Choropleth Map

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/Tom/

Choropleth maps are a type of thematic map.  Choropleth maps focus on showing variability in different regions, often represented through color.  They are particularly useful in depicting varying data over a landscape.  This choropleth map shows Hispanic population throughout Florida, the key shows the percent that each color represents.

Dot Distribution Maps

http://www.birds.cornell.edu/pfw_fr/Members/ParticipantMap00.htm

Dot distribution maps use dots to represent a certain value.  The dots can be assigned a value (ie: 1 dot=1000 people).  This image shows a dot density map representing where FeederWatcher participants lived, by placing a dot on their home location.

Propaganda Map

http://durrutilog.blogspot.com/2010/08/nostalgia.html

Propaganda maps are maps that are meant to be persuasive.  Some of the best examples of propaganda map can be seen during world war 2.  This example of a propaganda map portrays Portugal's small size in comparison to the US, though notice it does not address military powers or population, simply land mass.

Hypsometric Map

http://www.izera-darksky.eu/izera/izera-en.html

Hypsometric maps are similar to topographic maps.  The key distinction of a hypsometric map is the use of color to represent relief of a landscape.  Though similar to topographic maps, hypsometric maps can also contain contour lines to represent elevation changes. This map represents the Izera-Dark Sky Park.  The shade changes are called hypsometric tint, and they represent changes in elevation.

PLSS maps

http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_plss.html

PLSS or "Public Land Survey System" is a map which depicts government ownership of certain lands.  .  PLSS maps divide land principal meridians and base lines, and divide it even further into subdivisions called townships.  This map represents the Principal meridians and Base lines of the US as surveyed by the Bureau of Land Management.

Cadastral Map

http://www.dimensionicad.com/india/cad-parcel-mapping.html

Cadastral maps are useful in mapping real estate.  It can be used to show an areas metes and bounds in respect to real estate.  These sorts of maps are particularly useful to real estate companies or advertising agencies.  GIS is used to create many of these maps.  This cadstral map depicts real estate ownership in subdivisions of different color.

Thematic Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/book/export/html/1553

A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular "theme".  A thematic map can focus on almost anything that the cartographer is attempting to portray, an example could be states which a certain political party has won.  Often thematic maps are portrayed in color, each color representing a certain topic or value.  Thematic maps can also contain dots to make its representation.  This map in particular represents population change over a period of time by using a color coded key. (ie: dark red = 20.8% populated to 191%).

Topographic map

http://www.summitpost.org/ruth-creek-topographic-map/771858

Topographic maps focus on representation of elevations in a landscape.  Most maps use contour lines, which include a scaled distance between each line to interpret the level of slope.  With modern technology, and digital mapping, topographic maps can represent relief in a much more aesthetic way.  This map shows Ruth Creek Mountain in Washington.  Contour lines are used to represent elevated changes, as well as color and shading to depict mountainous landscapes.

Planimetric Map

http://wwwpaztcn.wr.usgs.gov/vigil/last_day/figure1.html

A planimetric map is a map that shows strictly a horizontal view of a landscape, topography is not included in these kinds of maps though elevation can be represented.  In this map for example, the lines on the edge of the gully depict a "steep slope".  This is a planimetric map of "Last Day Gully" in Wyoming.  Included in it is a scale, depicting an accurate scalar distance.

Mental Map

http://learningfundamentals.com.au/resources/

This is a mental map.  A mental map is explanatory in its own name, it is simply a map that an individual creates from their own memory or thought.  This example of a mental map is portraying a person's ideas to solving the "global warming" crisis.  This map qualifies as a "mental map" because it is portraying a person's own thoughts in a way that this person sees fit to clear understanding.