Field Sketch Maps

http://www.sciencepartners.info/?page_id=155

Field Sketch maps are very similar to mental maps in the the map is portraying from the perspective of the creator.  The key difference is that field sketch maps are not drawn from memory, rather they are viewed and drawn first hand at the site.  Field sketch maps are often used by contractors, or land surveyors.

Atlas

http://blog.mapsofworld.com/tag/world-atlas/
An atlas is a collection of maps of the world, with an in depth display of information ranging from topography to distances.  An accurate atlas is very difficult to portray due to the Earths spherical shape.  Above is an image of an Atlas.

Diverging color maps

http://www.sandia.gov/~kmorel/documents/ColorMaps/

Diverging color maps are used in the scientific community or analying and labeling light waves, or even simply a color spectrum.  Above is a color map.

Resource Maps

http://www.farmland.org/resources/fote/states/map_texas.asp

Resource maps can be made from many different map types.  They can integrate anything from topographic map features, to classed choropleth integrations.  Resource maps do exactly as they are named, they map resources in a given area.  Above is a resource map of Texas.

Road Maps

http://england-map1.com/508661.html

Road maps have been very useful in the past.  However, with increasing use of GPS systems, which can now be integrated into cars, the use of a road map is diminishing.  Above is a great example of the detail and precision of a roadmap of London.

Parallel Coordinate graph

http://andrewgelman.com/2007/10/15/parallel_coordi/
A parallel coordinate graph is usually displayed in a 3d computer generated graph.  It compares two sets of data, and joins them on a linear plane.  The graph is constructed on an X and a Y axis.  Above is a good example of a parallel coordinate graph.

Triangle Plot

http://geographyfieldwork.com/TriangularGraph.htm
Triangle plots compare three separate variables, which value equals the total sum of a constant.  These are often useful in chemistry, as to find a certain rate constant of a compound.  Above is an example of a triangle plot.